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We study the inference of network archaeology in growing random geometric graphs. We consider the root finding problem for a random nearest neighbor tree in dimension d∈N, generated by sequentially embedding vertices uniformly at random in the d-dimensional torus and connecting each new vertex to the nearest existing vertex. More precisely, given an error parameter ε>0 and the unlabeled tree, we want to efficiently find a small set of candidate vertices, such that the root is included in this set with probability at least 1−ε. We call such a candidate set a confidence set. We define several variations of the root finding problem in geometric settings -- embedded, metric, and graph root finding -- which differ based on the nature of the type of metric information provided in addition to the graph structure (torus embedding, edge lengths, or no additional information, respectively). We show that there exist efficient root finding algorithms for embedded and metric root finding. For embedded root finding, we derive upper and lower bounds (uniformly bounded in n) on the size of the confidence set: the upper bound is subpolynomial in 1/ε and stems from an explicit efficient algorithm, and the information-theoretic lower bound is polylogarithmic in 1/ε. In particular, in d=1, we obtain matching upper and lower bounds for a confidence set of size Θ(log(1/ε)loglog(1/ε)). 

We study processes of societal knowledge accumulation, where the validity of a new unit of knowledge depends both on the correctness of its derivation and on the validity of the units it depends on. A fundamental question in this setting is: If a constant fraction of the new derivations is wrong, can investing a constant fraction, bounded away from one, of effort ensure that a constant fraction of knowledge in society is valid? Ben-Eliezer, Mikulincer, Mossel, and Sudan (ITCS 2023) introduced a concrete probabilistic model to analyze such questions and showed an affirmative answer to this question. Their study, however, focuses on the simple case where each new unit depends on just one existing unit, and units attach according to a {\em preferential attachment rule}. In this work, we consider much more general families of cumulative knowledge processes, where new units may attach according to varied attachment mechanisms and depend on multiple existing units. We also allow a (random) fraction of insertions of adversarial nodes. We give a robust affirmative answer to the above question by showing that for \textit{all} of these models, as long as many of the units follow simple heuristics for checking a bounded number of units they depend on, all errors will be eventually eliminated. Our results indicate that preserving the quality of large interdependent collections of units of knowledge is feasible, as long as careful but not too costly checks are performed when new units are derived/deposited. 

We study processes of societal knowledge accumulation, where the validity of a new unit of knowledge depends both on the correctness of its derivation and on the validity of the units it depends on. A fundamental question in this setting is: If a constant fraction of the new derivations is wrong, can investing a constant fraction, bounded away from one, of effort ensure that a constant fraction of knowledge in society is valid? Ben-Eliezer, Mikulincer, Mossel, and Sudan (ITCS 2023) introduced a concrete probabilistic model to analyze such questions and showed an affirmative answer to this question. Their study, however, focuses on the simple case where each new unit depends on just one existing unit, and units attach according to a {\em preferential attachment rule}. In this work, we consider much more general families of cumulative knowledge processes, where new units may attach according to varied attachment mechanisms and depend on multiple existing units. We also allow a (random) fraction of insertions of adversarial nodes. We give a robust affirmative answer to the above question by showing that for \textit{all} of these models, as long as many of the units follow simple heuristics for checking a bounded number of units they depend on, all errors will be eventually eliminated. Our results indicate that preserving the quality of large interdependent collections of units of knowledge is feasible, as long as careful but not too costly checks are performed when new units are derived/deposited.